Friday, 31 October 2014

Virginia Wesleyan College Says They Have No Responsibility to Protect Students From Rape

Stay classy, Virginia Wesleyan.
Campus
A former Virginia Wesleyan College freshman is suing the school after she was raped on campus in 2012. The unnamed woman says the school did not do enough to prevent her rape and didn't respond appropriately when she reported it [via News13Now].
The school is seeking to have the suit dismissed, with their brief reading, "The existence of a duty to warn or protect is a pure question of law. In general, one does not have a duty to warn or protect another from third-party criminal acts." The school is also arguing against claims that the school has a higher rate of sexual assaults than other schools.
Attorneys for the college have said, "VWC finds rape and sexual assault abhorrent and vehemently denies playing any contributing role in the rape and sexual assault alleged by Plaintiff," but this was also reportedly written in a section that alleges the former student assumed the risk of sexual violence and attributes the assault to her own negligence.
Since news of the lawsuit broke, many people have been angry with how the school is handling it, but the school maintains it has done nothing wrong.


via http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/

10 Signs He's Only Telling You What You Want to Hear

There's no way he's that laid-back.
Clueless

1. He never puts up a counterargument. There's no way anyone is that agreeable. You might have the chillest boyfriend in the whole world (What's cooler than being cool? Your boyfriend, apparently), but more likely, he'd rather you get your way than risk disagreeing with you.
2. He agrees with you and then immediately goes back to watching TV. Yeah, sure, he loves that dress, but he loves watching Monday Night Football way more. He was prepping that "Yeah, sure, honey" before he even turned his head to look at it. This interaction is the basic foundation of pretty much every sitcom dad ever.
3. You have to fight to even get an opinion out of him. He does his best to avoid even telling you what you want to hear. He tries to shrug off loaded questions, or he lies down and pretends to go to sleep as a defense mechanism.
4. You tend to berate him when he does share his opinion. If he's just telling you what he thinks you want to hear, it might be less because he's so passive and more because you're so aggressive. If you find yourself criticizing him any time your opinions don't match up, he might decide offering up any legitimate info isn't even worth it.
5. He tends to be very vague. "Oh, you know, whatever" and "I'm not really hungry so you can pick the restaurant" might as well be written on his family crest. When you ask him for his opinion, he opens his mouth and words come out, but it's not like you got anything constructive out of it.
6. He doubles back on himself constantly. He reads you very carefully, and if it looks like he's saying the wrong thing, he backs up, murmurs, "On second thought," and then gives you a perfect answer … an answer that's a little too perfect.
7. He just leaves the room as soon as he gives you a response. He tries to form an opinion around what he thinks you want him to say, and then bails before you have a chance to poke holes in his incredibly shaky opinion.
8. He agrees with you, but then acts moody when he doesn't get his way. He's not strong enough to disagree with you, and he's not strong enough to keep it under wraps after you take him at face value.
9. He makes a nondescript "mmm" noise when you ask him a question. You just asked him if he wants kids and he replied with some kind of grunt/moan hybrid. What does that noise mean? It could be a yes or a no, and it gives him enough wiggle room to bring it up later and tell you that you misheard him.
10. He tells you it's only important what you think. This is just a cop-out move lifted word-for-word from the last five minutes of an after-school special, if they made after-school specials about what you two should do this weekend.

courtesy by http://www.cosmopolitan.com/

Wednesday, 22 October 2014

The 10 Habits that Keep Marriages Strong

Try these surprisingly simple practices you can do to stay—or fall back—in love with your partner. 

http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/

1. Not trying to change each other

Original story appeared on RedbookMag.com.
Maybe you wish he folded his socks, or that he would chat it up with your friends without prompting. But, his inability to notice hair in the sink may stem from the laid-back personality that drew you to him in the first place. "One of the things we see with happy couples is that they know their partner's differences, and have pretty much stopped trying to change the other person," says Darren Wilk, a certified Gottman Couples Therapist with a private practice in Vancouver, British Columbia. "Rather than trying to fight their partner's personality style, they instead focus on each other's strengths." To better understand how to tap into both of your best qualities, take this quick relationship personality quiz.
 
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/

2. Framing your demands as favors

Whether you want him to unload the dishwasher more often or pay closer attention to the kids, your partner will be more likely to change his behavior if he feels like he'll get relationship brownie points. "Throw it out there like a favor. Present it like 'here is the recipe for what will make me happy,' because everyone wants to make their partner feel happy," says Wilk. "When you present your needs, present them as what you do want rather than what you don't want." Instead of saying, "I hate when you have to have everything scheduled," try saying, "I would love to have a day where we can just be spontaneous."
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/

3. Vocalizing your appreciation

Giving your partner positive reinforcement sounds like a no-brainer, but couples often forget to do it. "Relationship expert Gottman's research found that in everyday life the happy couples have 20 positive moments — such as a shared look, compliment, or affectionate touch — to every negative moment," says Wilk. Tell him something positive three times a day, and be specific. Instead of saying, "You're a good dad," tell him why. "You're a good dad because you helped our daughter with that puzzle and it made me feel safe and secure." 
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/

4. Focusing on the positive

"Unhappy couples are stuck in a negative state of mind," says Wilk. "You will always find what you look for. If you look for stuff that bugs you and that your partner is doing wrong, you will find it every day. If you look at what your partner is doing it right, you’ll find it everyday." It's a choice to flip your mindset, so when you find yourself getting annoyed, visualize something he does that makes your heart flutter to halt the negative thought circuit.
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/

5. Taking trips down memory lane

"Happy couples tend to rewrite history by glossing over the bad stuff and focusing on the happy times," says Wilk. By reliving memories out loud to your partner, it actually changes your mindset, and how you view him and think about your relationship. Try this exercise whenever your feel your relationship needs a boost: Go over the highlights of when you were first dating, or rehearse the best moments of your relationship (such as the day you had an impromptu picnic in the park during your lunch hour, or that surprise anniversary date he took you on) to uncover buried memories. 
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/ 

6. Never siding with the enemy

"Sometimes what affair-proofs relationships is simply being there when your partner needs to vent, and having their back without trying to fix the problem," says Wilk. "People want someone to listen to them.” The key is to be supportive, and never take the side of the person he’s venting about — even if you can see where that person is coming from. For example, if he is upset that his boss took away a contract and gave it to someone else in the office, now is not the time to say, "Well, maybe you didn't put your best effort in." Right now he needs his feelings validated, and to hear you say, "That must have been really hard." Happy couples know when to bite their tongues.
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/

7. Not getting too comfortable

Trust, security, and commitment are key elements in any relationship, but having them doesn't mean you can treat your relationship as rock-solid, and stop trying. "Relationships are a fragile ecosystem, and that's why there is a 50 percent divorce rate," says Wilk. "Happy couples keep dating, telling each other they look great, and doing things together."
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/

8. Having rituals of connection

"It's not only about having a date night, but happy couples seem to do a lot of mundane things together," says Wilk. "They have little habits that they decide to do together, whether it be sitting down to pay the bills once a month or folding laundry." We say, anything to make that pile of dirty clothes feel more manageable.
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/ 

9. Knowing your partner's calls for attention

Happy couples are mindful of those little moves their partners do for attention. When Gottman's team studied 120 newlyweds in his the Love Lab, they discovered that couples who stayed married six years later were paying attention to these bids for connection 86 percent of the time, compared to only 33 percent of the time for those who later divorced. So look out for the little things, and respond to his need to connect. Like if you're grocery shopping and he throws out that he hasn't had Fruit Loops since he was a kid, throw them in the cart for him to show that you care.
http://e-articles-city.blogspot.com/ 

10. Doing the little things

"When it comes to relationship satisfaction, you can't just ride on the big things like, 'I don’t drink, I pay the bills, I don't beat you, we went to Hawaii last year,'" says Wilk. "This stuff is not really what keeps couples happy in their daily lives." What really matters is all the small stuff that adds up, such as being there for each other when one needs to vent, or noticing when he needs a hug, or making him his favorite meal just because. "It's also giving up on the idea that you have to feel in love all the time. Marriage is about trust and commitment and knowing each other," says Wilk. "That's what love is."
 
via womansday.com/
 
 
 


12 Sneaky Signs He’ll Never Commit to You

Learn the difference between men who want you forever and men who want you for now

1. He’s all about grand gestures, not small ones. He picks up every tab and takes you shopping for fancy things, but out of sight, out of mind. “He never does thoughtful things, like buying your favorite scone on the way to your house,” says dating coach Laurel House, author of the forthcoming Screwing the Rules: The No-Games Guide to Love. If he’s not doing little kindnesses that prove he knows the details about you, it’s probably because he doesn’t care to.

2. He shows you off at parties and then leaves you to mingle. You might like that he introduces you around. It’s his behavior afterward that’s telling, though. “The guy who won’t commit seems to forget to spend time with you during the majority of the party,” says House. And speaking of party…
3. He always wants to do something, not focus his attention on you. Your date nights are at extravagant restaurants, not at home just hanging out. “He prefers to decompress alone and not include you in life’s day-to-day,” says House. Committed couples want to be together most of the time. If he doesn’t involve you in morning runs and grocery shopping, “you’re not part of his real life,” says House.
4. He wants to share celebrations with you, not struggles. It’s great that he tells you about wins at work, but staying mum about setbacks isn’t necessarily because of his manly pride. “You are not who he turns to for real support or love,” says House. He needs to feel he can and actually do it, or else he can’t be in a lasting relationship with its inevitable challenges.
5. He tells you he wants a future, but only while on a high. If you’ve heard this exclusively when he’s drunk—whether from booze or accomplishments—it doesn’t count. House says it’s important he says this during a normal moment in life, when your heads are crystal-clear. “Cut to reality and bring it up again, and the non-committal guy will make you feel like you’re needy” for wanting clarity about your future.
6. He never plans ahead. Men who want to stick around start talking about events down the road the moment they see a future with you. The non-committal man is last-minute about everything, so don’t mistake this red flag for spontaneity. “He has a tough time committing to any plan that's even a few days or a week out,” says House. “He doesn't want to feel boxed in by anything” in case something better comes along.
7. He doesn’t make love to you how you like it. Not all men need the foreplay many women do to warm up, so with a guy who doesn’t care about your needs “it's just a wham-bam kind of thing,” says dating expert Neely Steinberg, author of Skin in the Game: Unleashing Your Inner Entrepreneur to Find Love. Sex doesn’t feel intimate when you’re not getting satisfaction, and you won’t get it unless he strives to be sexually compatible with you.
8. His attention to you dwindles over time. And it shouldn’t, even though every relationship has ebbs and flows. “It's not the end of the honeymoon phase, but his usual MO,” says Steinberg. “He comes on strong in the beginning to draw you in and win you over, but when he senses you're expecting relationship-type things from him, he realizes he needs to withdraw.”
9. He criticizes more than helps. Men like to solve problems, but only tend to weigh in if you’re sharing one. So if he nitpicks your appearance, personality and more, “he doesn’t appreciate your individuality,” says dating coach and matchmaker April Davis, founder of dating service Cupid’s Cronies. He’s trying to change you, and when he can’t? He’ll be gone.
10. He says he’s not good enough for you. That “I’m-not-worthy” feeling can make you feel like he thinks he’s won the lottery with you. However, he may just be planting a seed for the reason he skips out later on. And if he truly doesn’t feel he’s on par with you, the relationship won’t last for that reason.
11. He doesn’t introduce you to the other women in his life. Guys can have female friends, especially if they’re part of your social circle and you get platonic vibes from their relationship. “But beware if he still talks to his ex or another female ‘friend’ and is hesitant to include you in conversations and outings,” says Davis. “This is basically saying that you come second.”
12. He doesn’t ask for your advice. When he’s in a pickle at work or doesn’t know how to broach a tough topic with his mom, he should want your insights as a strong, smart woman. If he goes to others for wise words, “it reveals that he values his friends’ opinions more highly than yours,” says Davis. And a man isn’t likely to enter a long-term relationship with a woman whose thoughts he doesn’t appreciate.
src womansday.com


 

Tuesday, 21 October 2014

8 Sex Conversations Every Couple Must Have

Discuss what's going on between the sheets for a more fulfilling relationship

man and woman talking in bedIt goes without saying that you’d like to enjoy making love to your partner; yet, nearly every other aspect of sex calls for a chat. Here’s why: Couples who discuss tricky topics effectively are 10 times more likely to have a happy relationship than those who ignore difficult subjects, according to a study by Joseph Grenny, co-author of Crucial Conversations. “A handful of conversations make the biggest difference in the strength and duration of a relationship,” says Grenny. “Talking about sexual intimacy tops that small list.” Read on for eight issues to broach and how to approach them so you can move on to more interesting things.
1. Limits. Unless you want to end up in a “50 Shades of OMG what are you doing?” situation, discuss boundaries. “While it’s possible to have a good experience trying something new with no communication, it’s also possible to have a big fail,” says Carol Queen, PhD, Staff Sexologist for Good Vibrations, an online sex toy shop. Determine what kinds of play you’re OK with before someone pulls out handcuffs. Also, choose a safe word, one unrelated to sex either of you can say to halt what's happening. To start the limits conversation, exchange one idea each about something you’d like to experience. “Worst case: Your move stays a fantasy. Best case: There are two new options on your sexual menu,” says Dr. Queen.
2. Ruts. It can be easy to move into patterns in a sexual relationship, “especially if a couple starts out with little sex information or strong opinions about what ‘normal’ sex is, leading them to reject many erotic options,” says Dr. Queen. If your sexual playbook becomes staid, she suggests talking to a sex therapist or coach—or doing some reading. “Some books, like Hot Sex! Over 200 Things You Can Try Tonight, are made to be browsed together, giving you spicy ideas and info to boot,” says Dr. Queen.
3. Dysfunction. Failure to launch and premature party ending are touchy subjects. “Most guys don’t want to talk about it while in bed,” says Joel D. Block, PhD, author of Do It My Way. So instead, “ask him to pleasure you—it takes the tension away from his difficulty.” If you have the issue, say, dryness, Dr. Block suggests saying, “I love when you go more slowly” or “I need more foreplay to get me started.” If dysfunction happens repeatedly, acknowledge the problem outside of the bedroom. “You could say, ‘If I’m feeling pressured it works against me, but know that I’m OK. We’ll get past this.” If he elaborates, cool. If not, drop the issue knowing you’ve at least mentioned it in a sensitive, supportive manner.
4. Safety. “It doesn’t matter how many sex partners each of you has had,” points out Dr. Queen. “HPV and other bugs hitch a ride on human genitals, just as the common cold goes for your nose and throat.” It’s best to talk about this matter-of-factly before you have sex for the first time. Try: “This is what I do for birth control” and “These are my standards for safe sex.” “It’s your body, and some conditions are forever—including unplanned offspring,” adds Dr. Queen.
5. Exclusivity. Don’t assume. “If you don’t come to a clear verbal agreement and think, ‘he couldn’t be with someone else,’ you’re lying to yourself,” says Laurie Puhn, couples mediator, author and creator of the nationwide course Fight Less, Love More. “Many women prefer to assume exclusivity because they’re afraid the guy won’t agree to it.” In that case, you should know and make an informed decision about whether to have sex. How do you get into that topic gracefully? “You should both feel comfortable, perhaps in one of your homes or in a dimly lit lounge,” says Puhn. “Just don’t talk about it when either of you has had more than one drink.”
6. Timing. Are you in the mood now? What about now? “If one person is raring to go and the other gives compliance sex,’ it will not only fail to be physically gratifying but also to produce emotional connection,” says Grenny. It’s better to talk about not wanting sex, but how do you say “no” without it sounding like “never”? “Touch your mate, smile and suggest another time,” says Puhn. “This says I love you and want to be intimate, but not tonight.” Be sure to follow through on the follow-up appointment.
7. Feedback. Discuss what turns you on—and what doesn’t—as unnatural as it may feel. “Our partners aren’t mind readers,” explains Dr. Queen, who suggests starting with, “There are things I think about, sexually, that I never mention.” From there, a general “Can we talk about this more?” usually does the trick. During the act, “maneuver into position and make sounds of pleasure to encourage your partner toward a certain behavior,” says Dr. Block. “Men appreciate these nonverbal prompts.” They also respond well to comments that are about you, rather than about him. So instead of “do this," try, “When you do this, it’s hot for me.”
8. Planning. This may sound utterly unromantic, but couples should talk about how to fit sex into their busy schedules. “Americans have intercourse an average of a bit more than once a week,” says Dr. Block. “But it's quality, not quantity that counts.” Dr. Block suggests deciding how much is mutually acceptable, and whether that includes quiet sex while visiting relatives and unexpected quickies. If one of you is a morning sex person and the other an evening sex person, “calendar a compromise: a weekend afternoon delight or an after-work assignation,” says Dr. Queen.
via .womansday.com/

12 Weird Sex Laws You Won't Believe

Check out oddly specific intimate acts that are off-limits in certain cities and states

man and woman in bed

America may be known as the land of the free, but it has more laws than you'd expect governing what you can and can't do in the sack—not that you'd attempt most of those things anyway. Although these regulations are so outdated they’re hardly enforced, they still remain on the books. For instance, many states (including Montana, Kansas, Utah, Louisiana, North Carolina and Texas) still have anti-sodomy rules, but bet you can't guess what device is banned from going off at the same time as a woman climaxes in Connorsville, WI! Read on for the answer, plus 11 more of the wackiest sex laws ever made.
If you happen to be in Bakersfield, CA, in the South Central section of the state, and the man you're about to seal the deal with is so devilishly handsome he just may be Lucifer, himself, make sure you have protection. Bakersfield law requires that you use a condom if you do the deed with Satan.
Apparently, food shopping—or working in a market—really sets the mood in Newcastle, WY, a small town by the South Dakota border. A law there bans couples from having sex inside any grocery store's walk-in meat freezer. Brr!
If you're playing pool for money at a bar or restaurant in Anniston, AL, an hour south of Birmingham, you better be ready to pay up—in cash—if you lose. It's against the law for any woman to offer sex to the victor instead of forking over moola.  
While most brides wouldn’t think to celebrate their nuptials with shooting game or catching fish, if you do it in Oblong, IL, near the Indiana border, you better keep your pants on. It's punishable by law for any couple to have sex while hunting or fishing on their wedding day. (On any other day of your life, though, it's completely legal).
In Connorsville, WI, about an hour-and-a-half outside of Minneapolis, it’s illegal for a man to shoot a gun at the same time that his female partner is having an orgasm. Ladies first, gentlemen.
6. No Bestiality with Bigger Creatures Only
It's completely legal to have sex with any animal that weighs less than 40 pounds in Washington State. Animals weighing 40 pounds and over, though, are off-limits, according to state law.
7. No Ambulance Nookie for Women
If you have the misfortune of being in an ambulance in Tremonton, UT, an hour north of Salt Lake City, refrain from having sex with a fellow rider. Intercourse while en route to the hospital can result in a misdemeanor charge for a woman. Her male partner, on the other hand, would face no criminal charges.
It seems Coeur d’Alene, ID’s government wants to spare people the embarrassment of getting caught in the act: A law in this town near the Washington border prohibits police officers from immediately approaching any parked car if they suspect passengers are getting busy inside. Instead, they must drive up behind the vehicle, honk three times and wait approximately two minutes before getting out to investigate.
9., 10. and 11. No Well-Lit Sex, Non-Missionary Intercourse or Tickling
There must have been some shy lawmakers in power at the time when this law was signed: Virginia prohibits any couple from having sex with the lights on. This state also outlaws sex in any position other than missionary, as well as tickling women.
While Massachusetts acknowledges that rodeo clowns deserve love, too, a state law forbids anyone from recklessly getting it on with one of those performers while the horses are still present. Once the animals have hit the hay, though, sex with a rodeo clown is A-OK. Yee haw! 
via womansday.com

Monday, 20 October 2014

Researchers Uncover Molecular Process in the Brain that Transforms White Fat into Brown Fat

Researchers Uncover Molecular Process that Transforms White Fat into Brown Fat
Yale scientists uncover how a molecular process in the brain that known to control eating transforms white fat into brown fat, impacting how much energy we burn and how much weight we can lose.
The results are published in the October 9 issue of the journal Cell.
Obesity is a rising global epidemic. Excess fatty tissue is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, neurological disorders, and cancer. People become overweight and obese when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, and excess calories are stored in the adipose tissues. The adipose organ is made up of both white and brown fat. While white fat primarily stores energy as triglycerides, brown fat dissipates chemical energy as heat. The more brown fat you have, the more weight you can lose.
It has previously been shown that energy-storing white fat has the capacity to transform into energy-burning “brown-like” fat. In this new study, researchers from the Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, demonstrate that neurons controlling hunger and appetite in the brain control the “browning” of white fat.
Lead author Xiaoyong Yang, associate professor of comparative medicine and physiology at Yale School of Medicine, conducted the study with Tamas Horvath, professor and chair of comparative medicine, and professor of neurobiology and Obstetrics/gynecology at Yale School of Medicine, and their co-authors.
The team stimulated this browning process from the brain in mice and found that it protected the animals from becoming obese on a high-fat diet. The team then studied the molecular changes in hunger-promoting neurons in the hypothalamus and found that the attachment of a unique sugar called “O-GlcNAc” to potassium ion channels acts as a switch to control brain activity to burn fat.
“Our studies reveal white fat “browning” as a highly dynamic physiological process that the brain controls,” said Yang. “This work indicates that behavioral modifications promoted by the brain could influence how the amount of food we eat and store in fat is burned.”
Yang said hunger and cold exposure are two life-history variables during the development and evolution of mammals. “We observed that food deprivation dominates over cold exposure in neural control of white fat browning. This regulatory system may be evolutionarily important as it can reduce heat production to maintain energy balance when we are hungry. Modulating this brain-to-fat connection represents a potential novel strategy to combat obesity and associated illnesses.”
Other authors on the study include Hai-Bin Ruan, Marcelo O. Dietrich, Zhong-Wu Liu, Marcelo R. Zimmer, Min-Dian Li, Jay Prakash Singh, Kaisi Zhang, Ruonan Yin, and Jing Wu.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, American Diabetes Association, Ellison Medical Foundation, American Heart Association, and CNPq/Brazil.
Publication: Hai-Bin Ruan, et al., “O-GlcNAc Transferase Enables AgRP Neurons to Suppress Browning of White Fat,” Cell, Volume 159, Issue 2, p306–317, 9 October 2014; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.010
Source: Karen N. Peart, Yale University
Image: Michael S. Helfenbein,via http://scitechdaily.com

Yale Biologists Describe DNA’s Security System




Surveillance of Nuclear Pore Complex Assembly
In a newly published study, Yale biologists and colleagues describe a key quality control mechanism that protects new cells from inheriting defective nuclear pore complexes.
As befitting life’s blueprint, DNA is surrounded by an elaborate security system that assures crucial information is imparted without error.
The security is provided by a double membrane perforated by protein channels that block unwanted material from entering the nucleus and promote entry of key messengers. The breakdown of these channels, called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), is associated with some forms of cancer and with aging.


Defective nuclear pore complexes (red) are restricted from being inherited by daughter cells demonstrating a quality control pathway during nuclear pore complex biogenesis.
In a new study appearing in the October 9 issue of the journal Cell, Yale researchers Brant Webster, Patrick Lusk, and colleagues describe a key quality control mechanism that protects new cells from inheriting defective NPCs. In the accompanying movie, defective NPCs are sequestered into a specialized compartment (colored red) that is retained in the mother cell, while each daughter inherits functional NPCs. “It is important to understand how these gatekeepers, which are fundamental to cellular function, are built and maintained,” Lusk said.
Abstract:
The maintenance of nuclear compartmentalization by the nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is essential for cell function; loss of compartmentalization is associated with cancers, laminopathies, and aging. We uncovered a pathway that surveils NPC assembly intermediates to promote the formation of functional NPCs. Surveillance is mediated by Heh2, a member of the LEM (Lap2-emerin-MAN1) family of integral inner nuclear membrane proteins, which binds to an early NPC assembly intermediate, but not to mature NPCs. Heh2 recruits the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)—III subunit Snf7 and the AAA-ATPase Vps4 to destabilize and clear defective NPC assembly intermediates. When surveillance or clearance is compromised, malformed NPCs accumulate in a storage of improperly assembled nuclear pore complexes compartment, or SINC. The SINC is retained in old mothers to prevent loss of daughter lifespan, highlighting a continuum of mechanisms to ensure nuclear compartmentalization.
Publication: Brant M. Webster, et al., “Surveillance of Nuclear Pore Complex Assembly by ESCRT-III/Vps4,” Cell, Volume 159, Issue 2, p388–401, 9 October 2014; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.012
Source: Bill Hathaway, Yale University
Image: Brant M. Webster, et al., doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.012,via http://scitechdaily.com/

Researchers Show Embryos Receive Parent-Specific Layers of Information

Study Reveals Embryos Receive Parent Specific Layers of Information
Immunolocalization of isolated and fixed C. elegans male gonads. A) DNA stained with DAPI (blue), HTAS-1 (green), HTZ-1 (red), merged image of HTAS-1 (green), HTZ-1 (red) and DAPI (blue). Scale bar represents 50 µm. B–E) Immunostaining of individual nuclei from late stages of sperm formation (as found in the proximal end of the gonad marked with the dotted line in A). The scale bar represents 2 µm and applies to all panels in B–F. B) Histone H3 dimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), which marks the X chromosome (white arrows). C) HTZ-1. D) HTAS-1. Yellow arrows mark regions of under-representation of HTAS-1 and HTZ-1 that are not the X chromosome. E) HTZ-1 and HTAS-1 are detectable immediately after meiotic divisions as sperm chromatin condenses. Contrast-adjusted black and white images of DNA, HTZ-1, and HTAS-1 staining of the early spermatid nuclei shown in panels C and D that show HTZ-1 and HTAS-1 are detectable. See Figure S2 for contrast-adjusted images of later spermatid nuclei. F) SPCH proteins (SPCH-1, 2, 3) (green) are detectable on DNA as sperm DNA condenses for meiotic divisions. Levels of SPCH proteins increase dramatically after meiosis, particularly around spermatid DNA.
New research from San Francisco State University sheds light on the multilayered process of how a sperm and egg pass along information needed for successful reproduction, revealing that embryos receive parent-specific layers of information.
The information that interprets the genetic code in a new embryo differs depending on whether it comes from the father or mother, researchers at San Francisco State University have found.
The research, detailed in an article published in the journal PLOS Genetics, sheds light on the multilayered process of how a sperm and egg pass along information needed for successful reproduction. Though one layer is the DNA code that is transferred, the new study identifies information not encoded by DNA, a so-called “epigenetic” layer of information that helps the cell interpret the genetic code.
Scientists have known these “epigenetic marks,” which influence the developmental plan of new embryos, are created by biologically modifying the proteins, called histones, that are responsible for tightly coiling DNA inside cells. But the new study shows how distinctive the marks from a sperm cell are from the information coming from an oocyte, or egg cell.
“We were able to document an array of marks from dad that are different than what is passed over from mom,” said Diana Chu, an associate professor of biology at SF State. “This research opens up new avenues for scientists to investigate. What is the role of these different marks? Why are they different?”
Chu and her colleagues at SF State and the Scripps Research Institute examined sperm and embryos of the C. elegans worm to identify which histone marks, which include histone variants and modifications, were unique to sperm and track them during the formation of new sperm cells and new embryos. They found that the number of histone modifications present within sperm is 2.4 times less than the number present within embryos, indicating a widespread erasure of epigenetic marks when new sperm cells are formed. But the erasure is incomplete: Researchers identified one histone variant and six histone modifications — and there are likely many more — that are retained in sperm and ultimately passed on to a new embryo, potentially helping it develop properly.
“If the DNA is the book, these variants and modifications are the bookmarks,” Chu said. “They can help cells read the book.”
The discovery adds another dimension for scientists to explore when studying the complex process of how genetic information is passed on from parents to children. Such research has major health implications, Chu added, as developmental and behavioral disorders that may not manifest themselves until years or even decades into an individual’s life can originate in the early stages of embryotic development.
“These various levels of genetic and epigenetic information work in combination,” she said. “If you don’t understand all of them, you can’t understand the complexity of how cells divide properly and how they create a human being who can function at many different levels for a long period of time.”
Further research will identify additional epigenetic marks that are unique to sperm, as well as study more closely the role and features of a specific histone variant, termed HTAS-1.
“The specification and global reprogramming of histone epigenetic marks during gamete formation and early embryo development in C. elegans” by Mark Samson, Margaret M. Jow, Catherine C.L. Wong, Colin Fitzpatrick, Aaron Aslanian, Israel Saucedo, Rodrigo Estrada, Takashi Ito, Robin Park, John R. Yates III and Diana S. Chu was published in the Oct. 9 edition of PLOS Genetics. The research was funded through several grants from the National Science Foundation.
Publication: Mark Samson, et al., “The Specification and Global Reprogramming of Histone Epigenetic Marks during Gamete Formation and Early Embryo Development in C. elegans,” PLOS Genetics, 2014; DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004588
Source: San Francisco State University
Image: Samson M, et al., PLoS Genet 10(10): e1004588. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004588.vi http://scitechdaily.com

Researchers Discover a New Signaling Pathway to Combat Excess Body Weight


Researchers Discover a New Signaling Pathway to Combat Excess Body Weight
An international team of researchers has discovered a new signaling molecule capable of activating brown fat cells.
The number of overweight persons is greatly increasing worldwide – and as a result is the risk of suffering a heart attack, stroke, diabetes or Alzheimer’s disease. For this reason, many people dream of an efficient method for losing weight. An international team of researchers led by Professor Alexander Pfeifer from the University Hospital Bonn, have now come one step closer to this goal. The scientists discovered a new way to stimulate brown fat and thus burn energy from food: The body’s own adenosine activates brown fat and “browns” white fat. The results are now being published in the journal Nature.
“Not all fat is equal,” says Professor Alexander Pfeifer from the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University Hospital Bonn. Humans have two different types of fat: undesirable white fat cells which form bothersome “love handles”, for example, as well as brown fat cells, which act like a desirable heater to convert excess energy into heat. “If we are able to activate brown fat cells or to convert white fat cells into brown ones, it might be possible to simply melt excess fat away” reports the pharmacologist.
The group of Prof. Pfeifer together with an international team from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, as well as from the Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf and the University of Düsseldorf now discovered a new signaling molecule capable of activating brown fat cells: adenosine. Adenosine is typically released during stress. Crucial for transmitting the adenosine signal is the adenosine receptor A2A.
Adenosine activates brown adipose tissue
“If adenosine binds to this receptor in brown fat cells, fat burning is significantly stimulated,” reports Dr. Thorsten Gnad from Prof. Pfeifer’s team. It was previously thought not possible for adenosine to activate brown fat. Several studies with rats and hamsters demonstrated that adenosine blocks brown fat.
However, the researchers from the University of Bonn were not mislead by these previous findings. In contrast, using brown fat cells removed from humans during surgery, the scientists investigated the signaling pathway for fat activation using adenosine. The results showed that rats and hamsters react differently than humans in this regard. “The brown fat in mice on the other hand behaves just as in humans,” summarizes Prof. Pfeifer.
“Browning” of white fat by adenosine
In addition, the research team investigated the possibility that adenosine transforms white fat cells into brown fat cells – a process termed “browning”. White fat cells normally cannot be induced to burn excess fat by adenosine, as they simply lack the A2A receptor. For this reason, the team of scientists transferred the A2A receptor gene from brown fat cells to white fat cells in mice. Consequently, the white fat cells also have A2A receptors and start browning and burning energy.
Clinical application is still far off
As a result, it was possible for the researchers from the University of Bonn to comprehend the significance of adenosine for brown cells in mice and humans for the first time. “Through the administration of adenosine-like substances, the mice actually lost weight,” reports Prof. Pfeifer. However, many questions in this regard still need to be investigated. For this reason, clinical application is still far off.
Publication: Thorsten Gnad, et al., “Adenosine activates brown adipose tissue and recruits beige adipocytes via A2A receptors,” Nature, 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13816
Source:University of Bonn
Image: AG Alexander Pfeifer/UKB
via http://scitechdaily.com/

Sunday, 19 October 2014

FBI Targets Animal Cruelty as a Serious Crime

golden retriever puppy on grey background
Sherry Ramsey is the director of animal cruelty prosecutions for The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). She contributed this article to Live Science's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
A recent decision by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) means animal cruelty crimes will soon be included within the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) - National Incident Based Reporting System — an action that will most certainly advance how law enforcement officials understand and act to prevent these often violent crimes. Equally important, these cases may serve as an early warning to alert the criminal justice system to individuals who pose a future danger to the community.
When this change goes into effect in 2015, federal law will regard animal cruelty as a crime against society and a Group A offense, a category that includes crimes of a serious nature, including arson, burglary,
There will be four categories under the new animal classification: Simple/gross neglect; intentional abuse and torture; organized abuse; and animal sexual abuse. These crimes will soon be reported to the FBI UCR program as a separate, distinct category, along with other major offenses like murder and assault.
The UCR is considered the most comprehensive source of crime statistics in the United States. The program was originally conceived in 1929 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police to help provide reliable uniform crime statistics within the country. In 1930, the FBI was tasked with collecting, publishing and archiving those statistics to make them more consistently available for analysis. This new designation of animal cruelty crimes as a separate category will send an important message, as well as provide for meaningful research and analysis.
This is a significant departure from the current system, which places animal cruelty crimes under a general "all other offense" category. There, the crimes often attract less interest from law enforcement officials and provide limited ability for research and study.
One of the reasons for this change may stem from the numerous studies which suggest animal cruelty is a red flag for future violent crimes against humans. The FBI has been aware of this link for decades.
FBI Special Agent Alan Brantley stated that when the agency conducted interviews with 36 serial murderers and asked them about their histories of animal cruelty, many described killing and torturing animals as children. Forty-six percent admitted they had harmed animals in adolescence.
A number of organizations and animal advocates led the push to get animal crimes included in the UCR, including the National Sheriff's Association and its president and interim executive director, John Thompson. This push is expected to eventually advance the understanding of such crimes.
"The National Sheriffs' Association is committed to providing law enforcement officers with information about the realities of animal abuse and its close link to other crimes," said Thompson. "We are gratified by the FBI's response and [FBI] Director Comey's commitment to improve public safety."

via livescience.com

Wow! The Most Amazing Images in Science This Week

Each week we search for the most interesting and informative articles we can find and along the way we uncover amazing and cool images. From studying airplane fuel emissions to the puzzling expansion of Asia's glaciers, from undersea missions to the 25th anniversary of the horrible Loma Prieta earthquake and tsunami — here you'll discover 10 incredible photos and the stories behind them.
Hot jet
A NASA mission is using small jets to tail a larger aircraft and measure the emissions from different fuel types. 
NASA's ACCESS II mission aims to determine the effects of airplane emissions on the environment by having a jet closely tail another plane, taking data from the emissions.  

Tornado clusters
Tornado 

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